List of Figures	ix
List of Tables	ix
Aknowledgements	x
About the Editors	xi
Workshop Participants	xii
Preface	xv

Chapter 1: Rationale and Overview	1
Richard T. Di Giulio, William H. Benson
Workshop goals and objectives	2
Workshop organization and approach	3
Workgroup conclusions and recommendations	4
Policy concepts and applications: workgroup 1	4
Biological bases for similarities and differences: workgroup 2	7
Characteristics and implications: workgroup 3	9
Future directions	12

Chapter 2: Policy Concepts and Applications	15
Marie Lynn Miranda, Paul Mohai, James Bus, Gail Charnley, Elaine J. Dorward-King, Paul Foster, Wayne R. Munns
Conceptual model	17
Natural system	17
Social system	19
Well-being	20
Circular flow	23
Making the conceptual model operational	24
Risk assessment	25
Life-cycle assessment	27
Decision analysis	28
Cost–benefit analysis	29
Social impact assessment	30
Ethical considerations	31
Environmental and social system monitoring	31
Implementing the conceptual model	33
Appropriate role for science	34
Effective communication	36
Supportive research infrastructure	37
Less fragmented regulatory systems	38
Private sector change	38
Community involvement	39
Coordinated efforts	39
Conclusions	40
References	41

Chapter 3: Biological Bases of Similarities and Differences	43
Gary W. Winston, S. Marshall Adams, William H. Benson, L. Earl Gray, H.B. Matthews, Michael N. Moore, Stephen Safe
Similarities and differences among individual organisms	44
Genomic conservation among species	44
Proteome expression	46
Enzyme expression or induction	47
Cellular processes	48
Cellular organelles	48
Reproductive physiology	49
Processes and pathways	51
Human health–ecological integrity interconnections	53
Integrated effects of stressors	53
Concepts of integrated stress responses	53
Interconnected nature of stressors	55
Direct and indirect stressors	57
Limitations to understanding interconnections	59
Research needs	60
Summary and conclusions	62
References	65