| |
| Part
1: Fate and Behaviour in the Environment |
9 |
| |
| 1. Laboratory
Soil Degreadation Studies |
9 |
| |
| 1.1 Aerobic
Degradation |
9 |
| 1.2 Anaerobic
Degradation |
12 |
| |
| 2. Soil
Photolysis |
14 |
| 3. Field
Soil Dissipation |
16 |
| |
| 3.1 Soil
Dissipation Study |
16 |
| 3.2 Soil
Residue Study |
18 |
| |
| 4. Soil
Adsorption/Desorption |
18 |
| |
| 4.1 Measurement
of Adsorption |
19 |
| 4.2 Measurement
of Desorption |
20 |
| 4.3 Calculation
of Adsorption/Desorption Results |
20 |
| |
| 5. Soil
Leaching Studies |
21 |
| 6. Aged
Residue Leaching |
23 |
| 7. Lysimeters/Field
Leaching |
24 |
| 8. Aquatic
Degradation |
24 |
| |
| 8.1 Anaerobic
Aquatic Degradation |
24 |
| 8.2 Aerobic
Degradation |
24 |
| |
| 9. Aqueous
Hydrolysis |
26 |
| 10.
Aqueous Photolysis |
28 |
| 11.
Fish Bio-Accumulation |
30 |
| 12.
Soil Volatility |
32 |
| 13.
Photolysis in Air |
33 |
| Part
2: Ecotoxicity |
35 |
| |
| 1. Vertebrate
Terrestrial Wildlife |
35 |
| |
| 2.1.1 Acute
Toxicity |
38 |
| 2.1.2 Prolonged
Toxicity |
38 |
| 2.1.3 Effects
on Early-Life-Stages |
39 |
| |
| 2.2.1 Acute
Toxicity |
39 |
| 2.2.2 Effects
on Reproduction |
39 |
| |
| 2.3 Algae |
39 |
| 2.4 Field/Mesocosm
Studies |
39 |
| |
| 5.1 Laboratory
Toxicity Tests |
43 |
| |
| 5.1.1 Contact
Toxicity Test |
44 |
| 5.1.2 Feeding
Tests |
45 |
| 5.1.3 Other
Laboratory Tests |
46 |
| |
| 6. Predator
and Parasitic Arthropods |
51 |
| |
| References |
52 |
| |
| Chapter
7: Contaminant effects on Great
Lakes fish-eating birds: a population
perspective |
141 |
| |
| Chapter
8: Xenobiotic modulation of endocrine
function in fishes |
155 |
| |
| Chapter
9: Effects on fish of estrogenic
substances in English rivers |
239 |
| |
| Chapter
10: A comparison of bleached kraft
mill effluent, 17ß-estradiol, and ß-sitosterol
effects on reproductive function in
fish |
249 |
| |
| Chapter
11: Effects of endocrine-disrupting
contaminants in reptiles: alligators |
267 |
| |
| Chapter
12: Effects of estrogenic compounds
in reptiles: turtles |
291 |
| |
| Chapter
13: The health of alligator populations
in South Carolina |
301 |
| |
| Chapter
14: Reproductive and developmental
toxicity of endocrine-disrupting chemicals:
steroid and non-steroid mechanisms using
rodent models |
311 |
| |
| Chapter
15: Endocrine disruptors: extrapolation
from wildlife to human effects |
335 |
| |
| Chapter
16: Endocrine disruptors in wildlife:
a weight-of-evidence perspective |
349 |
| |
| Chapter
17: Fish and wildlife species as
sentinels of environmental endocrine
disruptors |
369 |
| |
| Chapter
18: Uncertainties in the risk assessment
of endocrine-modulating substances in
wildlife |
431 |
| |
| Chapter
19: Research needs |
449 |
| |
| Glossary |
457 |
| Index |
467 |
