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Publications :: Alphabetical
List
Asking the Right Questions: Ecotoxicology
and Statistics
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Contents:
| 1. Summary |
5 |
| 2. Introduction |
6 |
| 3. Current Status
of Statistics in Toxicity Test Guidelines |
7 |
| 4. The Purpose
of Statistics in Toxicity Testing: Accurate
and Precise Estimates of Effects |
8 |
| 5. Typical Ecotoxicological
Experiments from a Statistical Point
of View |
9 |
| 6. The Role of
Experimental Design and Analysis in
Regulatory Studies |
10 |
| 7. The Need for
Clear Objectives |
12 |
| 8. The No-Observed-Effect
Concentration (NOEC) |
13 |
| 9. Recommended
Topics for Inclusion in a Guideline
- Experimental Design and Study Execution |
14 |
| 9.1 Randomization |
14 |
| 9.2 Replication |
14 |
| 9.3 Blocking |
15 |
| 9.4 Number of
Organisms per Experimental Unit |
16 |
| 9.5 Number and
Spacing of Concentrations |
17 |
| 9.6 Optimum Times
for Taking Measurements |
18 |
| 9.7 Blind Assessing |
18 |
| 10. Recommended
Topics for Inclusion in a Guideline
- Methods of Statistical Analysis |
19 |
| 10.1 A description
of the analysis to be carried out |
19 |
| 10.2 Model Checking
- testing the assumptions of the analysis |
20 |
| 10.3 Outliers
and Influential Observations |
22 |
| 10.4 Non-parametric
Methods |
23 |
| 10.5 Multiple
comparison methods |
23 |
| 10.6 Measured
versus nominal concentrations |
24 |
| 10.7 Confidence
Intervals |
24 |
| 10.8 Threshold,
Hormesis, an Time to Response Models |
24 |
| 11. Statistical
Reporting of Results |
25 |
| 12. Recommendations |
26 |
| 13. Acknowledgements |
27 |
| 14. References |
28 |
| 15. Appendix 1:
Guidelines Used in Workshop |
33 |
| 16. Appendix 2:
Effect Concentrations (ECs) versus No-Observed-Effect
Concentrations (NOECs) |
34 |
| 17. Appendix 3:
Biographical Details of Workshop Participants |
38 |
| 18. Appendix 4:
List of Participants |
43 |
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